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    • Previous studies showed that parotid sublingual and

    2018-11-12

    Previous studies showed that parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands produce and release irisin into saliva. Salivary irisin levels were found to be elevated in patients with Prader–Willi syndrome, whereas they full-time job were found to be reduced and correlated with serum irisin levels in patients who had acute myocardial infarction. In our study, salivary irisin levels were low. Our study demonstrates that rather than using invasive methods, irisin levels can also be measured in the saliva of patients with psoriasis.
    Introduction Facial dermatitis (FD) is very common in dermatology practice, accounting for 30% of patients patch tested. Clinically, the etiology of FD is very difficult to determine and recurrence is common. Exogenous factors and endogenous conditions may all possibly contribute to the development or aggravation of FD. Exposure to sunlight or low humidity has been reported to aggravate facial atopic dermatitis. Geographic areas with increased temperature, sun exposure, and humidity were associated with poorly controlled eczema in children. It is interesting to investigate the different contributions of environmental exogenous factors to FD and non-FD. The purpose of this study is to investigate the etiology of FD in China and whether exogenous factors play more of a role in FD than nonfacial dermatitis.
    Patients and methods
    Results In total, 89 patients with FD and 112 patients with non-FD were studied. The final diagnoses of each group are shown in Table 1. The proportion of confirmed ACD in FD (30.3%) was higher than that in non-FD (23.2%), but was not statistically significant (p = 0.305, Chi-square test). The proportion of ICD in FD (6.7%) was also higher than that in non-FD (2.7%), with no statistical significance (p = 0.305, Fisher exact test). Of facial confirmed ACD cases, 96.3% (26/27) were cosmetic ACD, which was much higher than that (5/26, 19.2%) of nonfacial confirmed ACD (p < 0.01, Chi-square test). Facial moisturizing cream (51.9%) was the most common cause and hair dye (18.5%) the next for facial confirmed ACD. The PT results of cosmetic ACD patients are listed in Table 2. Eight (29.6%) facial ACD patients showed negative standard PT results and one of them (12.5%) showed positive result to the cosmetics as is. The one case of noncosmetic facial ACD was caused by topical Jing Wan Hong, a kind of traditional Chinese medicine in treating burning wounds. The ingredients listed in Jing Wan Hong include myrrh, rhubarb, cape jasmine fruit, and safflower. The patient reacted to colophony and FM. The noncosmetic relevant allergic materials in the non-FD group were metals (14/26, 53.8%), topical traditional Chinese medicine (5/26, 19.2%), and rubber (4/26, 15.4%). A comparison between FD and non-FD patients is shown in Table 3. Female sex was overrepresented (p = 0.024) and disease duration over 3 months before PT was underrepresented (p = 0.048) in FD group. Sunlight exposure (p = 0.008) and ingestion of spicy food (p = 0.025) or alcohol (p = 0.044) were associated with self-reported dermatitis aggravation in the FD group.
    Discussion In our study, ACD and ICD accounted for 30.3% and 6.7% of FD, and another 30.3% of FD had suspected ACD, indicating that contact dermatitis is very common in patch-tested FD patients. The results were similar to Katz and Sherertz\'s study, in which ACD accounted for one third and ACD with other contributing factors accounted for one third of FD. It is reasonable to find that most facial ACD was cosmetic ACD (96.3%) because the face is frequently exposed to cosmetics. Facial ACD caused by topical medications or rims of glasses was underrepresented in our study, because they were easier to diagnose and rarely patch tested in our clinic. It is worthwhile to notice that the high percentage of negative standard PT results in facial ACD (Table 2), indicating that a significant number of ACD, would be missed if only standard series were used, extra cosmetic series should be tested in FD patients. The reported cosmetic allergens outside the standard series were shellac, cocamidopropyl betaine, hexamethylenetetramine, dodecyl gallate, Amerchol L 101, and abitol in China and those in India were gallate mix and cetrimide.